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SCO: not dead yet?

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By Jonathan Corbet
August 25, 2009
Back in 2007, it seemed like the SCO nightmare was done; the company had suffered a summary judgment depriving it of its claim to the Unix copyrights and it had gone into bankruptcy proceedings. In the latter half of 2009, though, SCO is still here. Now, an appeals court has ruled [PDF] that part of the 2007 judgment was erroneous and must be reconsidered; some worry that SCO could come back, zombie-like, to terrorize again. The real threat may not be SCO, though, but what comes after.

The agreement between Novell and the Santa Cruz Operation was a mess which never clearly spelled out what was being sold. It is far from surprising that Novell and the company now known as the SCO Group disagree on its particulars. The lawyers involved in making that agreement, quite simply, did not do their job. Even so, the district court, in 2007, was able to obtain enough clarity from this document to conclude that there was no question at all of whether the Unix copyrights had been transferred to SCO. The result was a summary judgment throwing out SCO's claims regarding those copyrights. That judgment was welcomed in the community, but there may be justice to SCO's claim that it was a little too hasty.

The appeals court took that view of the district court ruling, finding SCO's arguments sufficiently credible to create some doubt as to the facts in the case. As the ruling states:

When a contract is ambiguous, and parties present conflicting evidence regarding their intent at the time of the agreement, a genuine issue of material fact exists which cannot be determined summarily by the court.

It is worth noting that the appeals court did not rule that the copyrights do, in fact, belong to SCO. In fact, the ruling reads:

We recognize that Novell has powerful arguments to support its version of the transaction, and that, as the district court suggested, there may be reasons to discount the credibility, relevance, or persuasiveness of the extrinsic evidence that SCO presents.

All the court has said is that there is enough doubt here that a full trial is needed to resolve the question. The end result could well be the same - Novell could still win - but SCO has created enough uncertainty to gain its full day in court.

SCO did not prevail in all of its appeals, though. The district court had ruled that SCO had converted ("stolen") $2.5 million in licensing revenue from Sun which, by the asset purchase agreement, truly belonged to Novell. The appeals court agreed with this part of the summary judgment and left SCO on the hook. This ruling has led some observers to believe that SCO may now head quickly into Chapter 7 bankruptcy, resulting in the liquidation of the company. Should that happen, it is said, the SCO zombie will truly be gone forever.

Unfortunately, the end of the SCO Group would not necessarily mean the end of the troubles it has created. Chapter 7 bankruptcy would result in the sale of SCO's remaining assets to pay the claims of the company's creditors. Those assets are likely to include office chairs belonging to both remaining employees, a storage locker full of unsold Caldera OpenLinux boxes, Darl McBride's bullhorn, a few SCO Mobile Server manuals - and the claimed ownership of the Unix copyrights. The bankruptcy trustee's job will be to sell all of these assets for the highest price possible.

The Unix copyright "asset" is an uncertain value, to say the least; it could evaporate entirely when SCO v. Novell runs its full course. But SCO v. Novell was always a sideshow; the real game is the multi-billion dollar claims against IBM. Who would be willing to bet that no trolls willing to try for that payoff exist? Instead, such trolls must certainly exist, and some of them will be well funded. One of them could come out of the bankruptcy process owning these "assets" and the related lawsuits.

What we could see then is a new push on these claims, with more money behind it and, possibly, less buffoonery as well. The new owner might just succeed in establishing ownership of the Unix copyrights - that agreement is, as was stated previously, a mess - and carry the IBM case forward. The fact that SCO's original claims against IBM are still without merit offers little comfort; we could be in for another extended period of FUD and bad press before the courts finally come to that conclusion.

Things need not go that way, of course. Should SCO go into chapter 7, we might see Novell and/or IBM hold their noses and buy the Unix claims themselves, putting an end to the entire affair. It could be the cheapest way for them to go. One assumes that lawyers in those companies are thinking about their options at this point; they, too, must be tired of this whole circus by now.


(Log in to post comments)

SCO: not dead yet?

Posted Aug 25, 2009 20:03 UTC (Tue) by txwikinger (guest, #57821) [Link]

A Ch. 11 trustee has been appointed to SCO, therefore it will be his decision if any
further litigation will be pursued by SCO, or if he even re-comments ch.7
bankruptcy. The SCO management has no control anymore.

RHT still hanging fire

Posted Aug 25, 2009 21:02 UTC (Tue) by dmarti (subscriber, #11625) [Link]

Of course, whoever decides to press the SCO line against IBM gets to become the new defendant in Red Hat v. SCO. At least they could hire Blake Stowell, whose conscience must be killing him working for a company with 10,000 Linux servers.

And it's hard to believe that someone would bet on the Unix copyrights when there are so many wacky software patents out there that would make better cases and don't have the stink of buffoonery to them.

(You could pretty much write SCO off as of the day HP indemnified against them. They've had Unix and Linux source code from way back, and would have licensed or rewritten if there was a risk.)

RHT still hanging fire

Posted Aug 25, 2009 21:51 UTC (Tue) by stevenb (guest, #11536) [Link]

If SCO would liquidated, how does the sale of the litigation work? Is it possible for a troll to buy, say, the IBM litigation but *not* become the defendant in RedHat case, or not become the plaintiff in Autozone? In other words, if SCO is sold in pieces, is every case in itself a piece, or would the whole set of ongoing cases have to be sold as a package?

RHT still hanging fire

Posted Aug 25, 2009 22:35 UTC (Tue) by dlang (guest, #313) [Link]

what is sold is not the lawsuits, but rather the rights that the lawsuits are about. and since they are all related anyone trying to buy into that gets it all.

RHT still hanging fire

Posted Aug 27, 2009 8:06 UTC (Thu) by pebolle (subscriber, #35204) [Link]

Generally speaking, lawsuits are between legal persons (humans, corporations, etc.). One can have a dispute with the Tax Authorities over the amount of tax due on (say) a boat, with a building contractor whether he correctly fixed some problem with a house, with an insurance company whether some damage to a car is covered by their insurance policy. If, during the litigation over these matters, the boat, the house, or the car is sold, I'd guess that the parties to that litigation wouldn't change.

So, I'm curious, what the editor actually means when he says that one "of them could come out of the bankruptcy process owning these "assets" and the related lawsuits.?" This could, of course, very well be possible under US law, but I would like to know a little more about how that would work.

What could be possible is that the new owners start their own lawsuits against the same defendants. But that would have quite a number of (practical) issues: what exactly will be the wrongdoing that is the subject of that litigation?; what court would then have jurisprudence?; why would anyone start a lawsuit against parties that have over six years of experience litigating that (or a similar) matter?; etc.

Of course there are situations, where it's easy to see that the identity of one of the parties to a lawsuit changes (e.g.: someone dies during litigation, and her heirs have to continue the lawsuit; a corporation (legally) merges during a lawsuit). I'd find it highly unlikely that another corporation merges with SCO (if that is even possible now they are in some state of insolvency or bankruptcy). And, as noted above, in situations like that the new owner gets it all (including all current liabilities, all counter claims in the lawsuits, all future claims). That is not a situation which another corporation would like to be.

Anyhow, interesting stuff.

"Successor in interest"

Posted Aug 27, 2009 12:22 UTC (Thu) by dmarti (subscriber, #11625) [Link]

I think what you're looking for is the idea of "successor in interest" -- you can sometimes buy a cause of action by buying some underlying asset.

(Remember when Novell sold DR-DOS to Caldera, just so that Caldera could be the one to sue Microsoft for locking DR-DOS out of Windows 95? Kind of like that.)

"Successor in interest"

Posted Aug 27, 2009 14:20 UTC (Thu) by pebolle (subscriber, #35204) [Link]

But it was, as you said, Caldera that started the lawsuit (see http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/COMPLAIN.HTM for Caldera's complaint, which I found after some googling; there might be better sources of information on that - beginning of a - lawsuit). Caldera didn't buy the lawsuit, they started it themselves.

Would be nice if someone had a pointer to a case where a third party took over a lawsuit by buying assets.

"Successor in interest"

Posted Aug 27, 2009 19:07 UTC (Thu) by giraffedata (guest, #1954) [Link]

It's just like you said with a plaintiff dying and his heirs taking over the lawsuit. Whether you inherit an asset or purchase it, it's the same. Now, I don't think anybody in the US can be made a party to an existing lawsuit without his consent (there's a detailed process of filing, serving, etc), but when the claim in question has been transferred, the old and new owner petition the court to substitute the plaintiff, and the defendant typically agrees because he doesn't want to start all over either, and the case moves on.

If for any reason the court or other parties don't agree to a substitution of a party, the new owner of the claim simply files a new lawsuit. The old one has to be dismissed.

There are two main kinds of corporate merger. Assume Corporation A is a party to a lawsuit. Corporation B may buy A's stock, in which case A continues to be the party to the lawsuit, though the individuals who control B are now in charge and the stockholders of B are the ones who stand to gain or lose based on the outcome of the suit. But usually, Corporation B buys all the assets of A and A dissolves. Now you have the same case as above: if A was plaintiff, B can petition to be substituted for A or can file a new lawsuit.

Just as you can't will your debts to someone, you don't take someone's liabilities just because you bought some of his assets.

One exception found in narrow cases in some jurisdictions is "successor liability," where debts really do go with assets. These modern laws are meant to protect people who couldn't practically secure their debts the normal way. In California, for example, if you buy all the assets of a store and don't change the name or otherwise notify the world that the old store doesn't exist anymore, if a customer who bought a broken item from the old store brings it back, you have to give him his money back.

And don't confuse assuming a liability with buying an asset that was pledged to someone as collateral for a loan. In that case, the buyer doesn't owe the lender the money -- the original borrower still does. It might feel that way, since the lender will take the collateral if the new owner doesn't pay, but that just means the new owner didn't really buy the whole asset.

"Successor in interest"

Posted Aug 27, 2009 20:47 UTC (Thu) by pebolle (subscriber, #35204) [Link]

That's a lot to reply to. I´ll pick a few items for now.

> It's just like you said with a plaintiff dying and his heirs taking over the lawsuit. Whether you inherit an asset or purchase it, it's the same.

But, at least under the legal regime I live in, being an heir and purchasing an asset are quite different things. (As being an heir basically means "you own 1/n-th part of the deceased's fortune, whether negative or positive". Luckily, I remember that there are procedures for heirs to ensure they will not be liable for the mistakes of their ancestors, i.e. that they will only gain from inheriting.)

> but when the claim in question has been transferred,

This might be key to my question original regarding third parties ending up owning a lawsuit: what do you mean with "transferring" a "claim"?

> the old and new owner petition the court to substitute the plaintiff, and the defendant typically agrees because he doesn't want to start all over either, and the case moves on.

> If for any reason the court or other parties don't agree to a substitution of a party, the new owner of the claim simply files a new lawsuit. The old one has to be dismissed.

I'd guess it would actually be in the interest of defendants like Novell and IBM to "simply" start all over again. They already know what their case is all about. They seem to be able to cope just fine with a case that drags on six years before the main show (a trial before a jury) has even started. In short: they seem to have both the time and the money to just sit things out. This looks like an uphill battle for any new plaintiff to me.

"Successor in interest"

Posted Aug 27, 2009 21:29 UTC (Thu) by giraffedata (guest, #1954) [Link]

As being an heir basically means "you own 1/n-th part of the deceased's fortune, whether negative or positive"

Quite different from current US law. You can't will someone your debts, but your debts do remain part of your estate, after your death, until the estate is ultimately distributed to your heirs and extinguished. While the estate exists, it must settle its debts to the extent that it can.

ISTR deep in our history, sons were responsible for some obligations of their fathers, and that was later declared barbaric.

Oh, and I heard recently that collection agencies often try to collect from descendants, who sometimes pay out of a sense of moral obligation.

This might be key to my question original regarding third parties ending up owning a lawsuit: what do you mean with "transferring" a "claim"?

Probably. Someone elsewhere in the thread covered this: a lawsuit is not property in US law. Rather, the claim on which the lawsuit is based is. A claim is a reason to sue and potential right to collect a judgement. E.g. if someone crashes into my car, I have a claim against him. But typically, I don't try to collect anything from him, because my insurance company pays me and, per my insurance policy, I transfer my claim to the insurance company. The insurance company can now sue the other driver the same as I might have, if it chooses.

But you can also sell a claim like SCO's claim against IBM for whatever it is -- I've forgotten. It doesn't matter if a lawsuit is already in progress.

I'd guess it would actually be in the interest of defendants like Novell and IBM to "simply" start all over again. They already know what their case is all about. They seem to be able to cope just fine with a case that drags on six years before the main show (a trial before a jury) has even started. In short: they seem to have both the time and the money to just sit things out.

But it isn't really about whether starting over is acceptable -- it's whether it's more or less profitable that not starting over. While IBM might be willing to have the case drag on for 10 years, it would probably prefer 8, all else being equal.

Microsoft proxy vs IBM: Let the bidding war begin!

Posted Aug 27, 2009 6:17 UTC (Thu) by felixfix (subscriber, #242) [Link]

I suspect Microsoft would love to find (another) proxy to continue the War Against Linux (tm), and that IBM would dearly love to stop it. The only problem I see for Microsoft is that people are only all too aware of their proxy battles by now, so if they put too much money into some proxy who otherwise would not have the money to pursue it, things will look pretty suspicious.

Very Sun Tzu of them

Posted Aug 27, 2009 12:53 UTC (Thu) by dmarti (subscriber, #11625) [Link]

The real master plan is to wait until all the Linux freaks are messing around digging up obscure legal papers for Groklaw, then sneak Active Directory and Sharepoint into their employers while they aren't paying attention.

Very Sun Tzu of them

Posted Sep 12, 2009 11:28 UTC (Sat) by austux (guest, #60799) [Link]

I think the trend now is MS-Windows 2008 & Virtual Servers ('coz the individual services still corrupt each other under 'Doze, unlike almost any Unix, despite NT being a clone of VMS Mica edition).

Very Sun Tzu of them

Posted Sep 12, 2009 12:31 UTC (Sat) by nix (subscriber, #2304) [Link]

Yeah, my workplace uses that. They crash on a daily basis instead, as the
VM host frequently corrupts its guests' internal state or just kills them
out of hand.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 0:23 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

In order to the copyrights to transfer to SCO, they have to have a _written_ document that _explicitly_ says that copyrights went over. Nothing else will do. And they don't have that, which has been clear for a while now.

Contract law can do only so much. Copyright law poses specific requirements which must be met, regardless of any contractual ambiguity.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 0:28 UTC (Wed) by dlang (guest, #313) [Link]

that is true, but what they do have is a contract that says that SCO will get any copyrights that are nessasary for it's business. if you interpret that portion of the contract the way that SCO wants you to, they can demand that novell give them the copyrights by claiming business necessity.

I don't at all believe that they are correct in this, but summary dismissal of the claim requires that there be no chance at all that they are right.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 0:47 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

Case law is clear. SCO must be able to present a piece of paper of _what_ exactly has been transferred. They don't have that.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 21:21 UTC (Wed) by Max.Hyre (subscriber, #1054) [Link]

The issue is whether SCO have a piece of paper that says _explicitly_ what copyrights have been transferred to them.
Not quite precisely.

The ruling's Section II. B. goes into just that point, and comes out confused. (Well, they really say they don't know because it's a matter of fact to be decided at trial.) The Copyright Act says ya gotta get it in writing, but that's where the fun starts. On pp. 18 & 19, the judges observe that the Act imposes no requirement for clarity.

The original contract (called `APA' in the decision) said unambiguously that Novell kept the copyrights. But a year later they ``clarified'' it with Amendment No. 2. Through a tortuous double negative, Novell says they're selling SCO

the copyrights and trademarks owned by Novell as of the date of the Agreement required for SCO to exercise its rights with respect to the acquisition of UNIX and UnixWare technologies
So, what copyrights do you need to run a software business? It seems to me that you need the copyright to every file you get (modulo the GPL).

If Novell keeps the copyrights, and SCO starts coding, about seven years from now Novell can say ``OK, fun's over. Everybody out of the pool.'' And if they own the Unix copyrights, they can make it stick. I don't see how there can be any interpretation other than SCO gets rights to the code.

Oops---wrong parent.

Posted Aug 26, 2009 21:25 UTC (Wed) by Max.Hyre (subscriber, #1054) [Link]

I'd intended to reply to bojan, below. But, hey, it works here, too. :-)

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 21:44 UTC (Wed) by dlang (guest, #313) [Link]

no, you do not need the copyrights to write a new derivitive (otherwise IBM would have to own the copyrights to create AIX)

all they need is rights to distribute the files that they have licensed.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 28, 2009 9:29 UTC (Fri) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

Precisely. As I put it here (http://lwn.net/Articles/348785/), if copyrights of Unix and UnixWare were to be excluded from exclusion (yeah - idiotic wording - I know), it was very easy to say so.

I turns out, you don't need to have copyrights to "exercise rights with respect to the acquisition of UNIX and UnixWare technologies" in all circumstances. It depend on what those rights are.

On copyright transfer

Posted Sep 4, 2009 23:00 UTC (Fri) by Wol (subscriber, #4433) [Link]

Oops. SCOG *DON'T* have a piece of paper that says they will get any copyrights "necessary for the running of their business".

There is a little rider in there ... "any copyrights owned by Novell". Novell own the Unixware copyrights, which they kept because they were going to merge it with Netware.

As for the "genuine real McCoy Unix copyrights", the Berkeley settlement (which we now have access to) seems pretty clear that Novell themselves don't (and NEVER HAVE) owned those copyrights, so they can't give them to SCOG, even if they wanted to.

Cheers,
Wol

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 0:37 UTC (Wed) by ncm (guest, #165) [Link]

And that's supposed to be what's at issue: was Novell obliged by contract to write down such a transfer and send it along? If the contract's not clear enough, and original SCO not complaining about not getting it in the years following doesn't make it clear, and the receiver of tSCOg insists, a jury has to be made to wade through the whole mess again.

My only concern is whether the former principals of tSCOg will get to keep their ill-gotten gains, or have them clawed back to pay the judgments and court costs. If not, you and I pay instead.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 0:54 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

Whether Novell was obligated to send them something or not is not the issue here. The issue is whether SCO have a piece of paper that says _explicitly_ what copyrights have been transferred to them.

Contract law cannot override copyright law.

The reason court of appeals is sending this back is because SCO have a piece of paper that says _something_. So, it is a matter of fact for a jury to decide whether that piece of paper is as per copyright law (and case law) requirements for copyright transfer.

Unfortunately for SCO, the piece of paper they have is not explicit enough for what they want it to be.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 1:18 UTC (Wed) by corbet (editor, #1) [Link]

Actually, if you read the appeals court ruling, they find that the existing paperwork might be good enough to serve as a formal copyright transfer. The operative word is might; it has all been pushed back to the district court for a real decision.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 1:32 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

Yeah, I read that. That is why the summary judgement was not appropriate. Jury needs to find out the facts, because SCO have _something_.

The jury will have to decide _which_ copyrights have been transferred to SCO. For that, SCO will have to show a piece of paper that actually says what has been transferred. That's where their case falls apart, IMHO.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 1:42 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

For the reference, text of Amendment 2:

> All copyrights and trademarks, except for the copyrights owned by Novell as of the date of the Agreement required for SCO to exercise its rights with respect to the acquisition of UNIX and UnixWare technologies. However, in no event shall Novell be liable to SCO for any claim brought by any third party pertaining to said copyrights and trademarks.

The most obvious question for a jury member to ask is this:

If this amendment was the correction of exclusion of copyright of Unix and UnixWare from the transfer, why doesn't the first sentence simply say:

> All copyrights and trademarks, except copyrights in UNIX and UnixWare.

To me, the answer to that question is simple - because that's not what it means.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 8:57 UTC (Wed) by epa (subscriber, #39769) [Link]

If Novell back then had taken your suggestion and made it 'All copyrights and trademarks, except UNIX and UnixWare', then old SCO's lawyers would immediately have wanted to change it to
All copyrights and trademarks, except copyrights in UNIX and UnixWare, except for the copyrights required for SCO to exercise its rights with respect to the acquisition of UNIX and UnixWare technologies.
After all, they wouldn't sign a contract that didn't give them any necessary copyright ownership to enforce the rights they were buying. The question is, what are those rights? And once you have found out what the rights are, what copyright transfer was necessary for SCO to exercise them? The answers everyone is hoping for are 'the right to market UNIX and UnixWare on behalf of Novell', and 'not much'.

On copyright transfer

Posted Aug 26, 2009 10:12 UTC (Wed) by bojan (subscriber, #14302) [Link]

I think you may have misunderstood what I wrote. My point is that it was simple to exclude Unix and UnixWare copyrights from being excluded (i.e. making them included in the sale). However, this was not written in Amendment 2.

I'm not suggesting at all Novell should have done that (i.e. included these copyrights). On the contrary, I'm suggesting they explicitly didn't want to do that.

SCO: not dead yet?

Posted Aug 26, 2009 10:01 UTC (Wed) by Thue (guest, #14277) [Link]

But ownership of the Unix copyright is only one hurdle SCO has to jump. How about:
-Under § 4.16(b) of the APA, Novell is entitled, at its sole discretion, Novell retains the right to waive any Unix copyright claims SCO makes against others.
-The little fact that no Unix code was actually ever found in Linux.

Section 4.16(b) of APA. Buyer=SCO, Seller=Novell:
Buyer shall not, and shall not have the authority to, amend, modify or waive any right under or assign any SVRX License without the prior written consent of Seller. In addition, at Seller's sole discretion and direction, Buyer shall amend, supplement, modify or waive any rights under, or shall assign any rights to, any SVRX License to the extent so directed in any manner or respect by Seller.

That seems pretty clear to me. So if some SCO Licensee contributed Unix code to Linux under the GPL, Novell has the right to direct SCO authorize their having done so.

SCO: not dead yet?

Posted Aug 26, 2009 16:53 UTC (Wed) by iabervon (subscriber, #722) [Link]

My expectation would actually be that Novell says that SCO lost its appeal on the money it owes Novell, therefore SCO owes Novell more than it owes anybody else, and, furthermore, cannot hope to satisfy their main creditor that they can be a money-making concern by winning a court case against their main creditor, and therefore have to be liquidated; with Novell first in line, and a bulk of the creditors (the appeal having failed) wanting the matter settled, Novell will buy any remaining claim for some small price acceptable to the other creditors.

SCO seems to have run out of credibility in the bankruptcy court while the appeal was pending, which makes it much harder for them to wiggle.

SCO: not dead yet?

Posted Aug 28, 2009 21:04 UTC (Fri) by rahvin (guest, #16953) [Link]

Chapter 11 doesn't work like that. It's assumed that the company remaining in business is more important than satisfying debt obligations, as that's the whole point of chapter 11, to prevent the creditors from forcing the company into liquidation.

But the end result of the Chapter 11 has to be a viable company again without continuing losses and debt accumulation. Now that the company is in the hands of a trustee, if he doesn't feel the company can be viable after exiting Chapter 11 he will ask the court to shift to Chapter 7 and begin liquidation. The point of the Trustee is to get someone that's not emotionally or otherwise has vested interests in the company, essentially an outsider to come in and give a fair and honest appraisal of the company and it's viability as an ongoing concern. It's significant that the Judge appointed the Trustee, because it's a statement that he believes the former management is incompetent (or to tightly vested to appraise fairly).

Apparently SCO has already won the IBM suit

Posted Aug 26, 2009 19:00 UTC (Wed) by leoc (guest, #39773) [Link]

Just look at the wording the Associated Press used to cover this development:

Part of the Unix computer code was developed by AT&T Inc. in 1969 and is used in the Linux computer operating system that is distributed for free.

SCO: not dead yet?

Posted Aug 27, 2009 5:17 UTC (Thu) by flewellyn (subscriber, #5047) [Link]

This has made me realize something vital: we have a massive, untapped reservoir of energy here. Just think! If we could harness the energy of frivolous corporate lawsuits, we could have a limitless supply of cheap, clean energy for everyone. And, as a bonus, endless hot air!


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