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4 tips to avoid or fix Linux system cannot mount rootfs errors at boot time. As a Linux® administrator, you may encounter rootfs errors like cannot mount rootfs and kernel panic when you try to reboot a server after attaching volumes from external storage or even after installing a new Linux operating system.. This article outlines the Linux booting process on an x86 platform, shows why this problem happens, and offers four tips to avoid it or fix it.

Google has strengthened its mobile services with the debut of a service called Voice that could be a challenge to Skype and other phone firms. It lets customers make cheap international calls and gives them a speech-to-text feature for voicemail. The services are available thanks to Google's acquisition of phone firm GrandCentral which gives users a lifelong universal phone number. "This could be big. Google is seen as disruptive," said analyst Jon Arnold.

The Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) API exposes a set of functions that application programmers use for security-related functions like user authentication, data encryption, LDAP, and more. In this article, get a basic guide to the PAM model on Linux, see how to configure PAM, and learn how to design a sample PAM login application in 10 easy steps.

The new iPod Shuffle isn't just smaller - it's easier to swallow (and steal).

If you want to see where the technology industry is heading in the next few years, a quick review of the past might be useful. As Amar Bhide of Columbia Business School reminds us in Thursday's Wall Street Journal, the personal computer industry was born in the pain of the 1980s economic recession. Why then? "History suggests that Americans don't shirk from venturesome consumption in hard times," Bhide writes, suggesting that consumers show a appetite for risk that far exceeds the near-term value they individually derive from things like software and mobile devices, a tendency that is unlikely to abate in our recessed economy.

There are small Linux distributions, and then there are tiny Linux distributions. In what must be one of the smallest Linux versions ever, Tiny Core Linux is a portable Linux desktop that is just 10MB in size. With the 10MB disk image in hand users can run it from a CD, USB drive or just as a minimal hard drive installation.

These days everyone is looking for a bargain, and laptop manufacturers are eager to deliver. Sure, you can still spend $1,000 (or much more) for state-or-the-art hardware that runs the latest versions of commercial software with ease. But now you can also get a netbook that does everything you really need for under $400. In many cases, manufacturers of these lower cost notebooks are relying on open-source technology as a means to lower the price. Compared to its commercial counterparts, open-source software generally requires fewer resources and provides greater security. By going with open source on your laptop, you probably won't feel the effects of a slower processor and less memory, and you'll be less likely to be victimized by hackers.

Intel's netbook dominance has yet to be challenged in a serious way, but at least one business analyst thinks that's going to change in the next 2-3 years. The netbook market is extremely new; Atom itself isn't even a year old—if the IT industry were to break with the existing Intel+Microsoft model, the emergence of a new product type combined with a deep economic recession could be the perfect opportunity to do it. Analyst Robert Castellano from The Information Network believes future netbooks based on the upcoming ARM Cortex-A9 architecture and running Linux could create a market for netbooks at price points Intel and Microsoft simply won't be able to match. Not only would the multicore A9 be cheaper than a 2012 Atom, the assumed ubiquitousness of cloud computing would supposedly eliminate (or almost eliminate) the need for local storage.

Russia is rapidly turning into open source's best-kept secret. A little while back I wrote about plans to roll out free software to all schools; more recently, there has been talk about creating a Russian operating system based on Fedora. And now there's this: A plan which foresee all Russian government departments using free software, and civil servants being trained in its use.

This guide explains how you can set up an iSCSI target and an iSCSI initiator (client), both running Debian Lenny. The iSCSI protocol is a storage area network (SAN) protocol which allows iSCSI initiators to use storage devices on the (remote) iSCSI target using normal ethernet cabling. To the iSCSI initiator, the remote storage looks like a normal, locally-attached hard drive.

Maybe the smallest desktop-based Linux distribution, which requires only 10 MB free space on an USB drive, CD or an internal hard disk drive, Tiny Core Linux could give you a new experience and maximum Internet speed with a customizable X desktop and by running entirely in RAM. The Tiny Core Linux distribution is powered by Linux 2.6 kernel, Busybox, Tiny X, Fltk and Jwm. It shows fast booting speed and the latest version (Tiny Core Linux 1.2) comes with many improvements and bug fixes.

For years, my friend Stephen J. Vaughan-Nichols has been trying to turn Linux into something it is not: A successful and popular desktop operating system. Everyone needs a reason to get up in the morning and I am glad he has found such a long lasting (and profitable) one. He is a smart guy, but I am still waiting for the Linux that will change my life. His latest foray into "Linux is the next big thing" is a discussion of Google's Android operating system running on future netbooks. Stephen then over-generalizes to call Android "Google's...own contender for desktop operating system king." And in a paragraph that starts by talking about Windows 7, no less. This is simply wrong.

[Note the disclaimer at the bottom: "David Coursey's closest brush with a desktop "ix" operating system is his Macintosh." - Sander]

Paper - don't you just hate it? We live in the 'information age', and yet the much promised era of the paperless office still seems decades away. Our desks are cluttered with notes, reminders and scraps of random information that desperately need to be sorted, but it's hard to find the time. You've probably tried the brute-force method of computerising your notes: keeping a plain text file (or word processor document) on your desktop, ready at hand to tap in phone numbers, reminders and other tidbits that you need to store in a hurry. This system works fairly well at first, but it soon becomes unwieldy. Sure, it's a slightly better system than playing 'hunt the Post-It Note', and it certainly saves on trees, but there has to be a more elegant solution...

An interesting physical security-focused Linux distribution was upgraded a couple of days ago. Tin Hat Linux reportedly takes a Vista-like five minutes to boot, because its whole filesystem is decrypted and loaded from an optical drive onto a RAMdisk (tmpfs). But after that, it's likely Puppy-fast!

Caustic Graphics, a brand-new company to the computer graphics scene that hopes to compete with AMD, Intel, and NVIDIA when it comes to ray-tracing power, announced the CausticRT on Monday. The CausticRT is "the world's first massively accelerated ray-tracing system" and can be found in CausticOne, which is their first product and it promises to deliver ray-tracing performance that's reportedly 20 times faster than the modern computer. While 20 times is great, by next year they hope their graphics/ray-tracing accelerator will be 200 times faster. For more on Caustic Graphics and what they hope to achieve when it comes to graphics and ray-tracing, visit Caustic.com.

CrunchBang Linux (#!) is a lightweight Ubuntu-based distribution featuring the OpenBox window manager and Conky system monitor. The distribution is essentially a minimal Ubuntu install with a custom set of installed packages, and it has been designed to offer a balance between speed and functionality. The light system requirements suggest that CrunchBang Linux is a perfect match for an outdated computer or a netbook. With this in mind, your author tested CrunchBang Linux 8.10.02 on an Acer Aspire One with a 8 GB SSD and 512 MB RAM. Since the RAM is on the low end, this puts to the test how lightweight CrunchBang Linux really is.

Our experience with France's Gendarmerie may be limited to Pepé Le Pew cartoons, but that won't stop us from applauding their efforts at locking up proprietary software. That might just be because the fabled maréchaussée is trimming its IT spending by 70% this year — without losing so much as a byte — thanks to the wonders of Open Source software.

This week I had the pleasure of taking some personal time to play around with Sun Microsystem’s VirtualBox. What else can I say but, “Wow.” I am impressed with this excellent application. I had downloaded (v2.1.4) and configured it for Fedora Linux on my laptop. It was extremely simple. It came as an rpm and the installation took care of everything, including adding the shortcut launchers in my GNOME menu.

One Laptop Per Child is set to dump x86 processors, instead opting to put low-power Arm-based processors in its next-generation XO-2 laptop with the aim of improving battery life. The nonprofit is "almost" committed to putting the Arm-based chip in the next-generation XO-2 laptop, which is due for release in 18 months, said Nicholas Negroponte, chairman of OLPC. The XO-1 laptop currently ships with Advanced Micro Devices' aging Geode chip, which is based on an x86 design.

[Well, so much for trying to run Windows on your OLPC :-) - Sander]

Linux is cram-full of all kinds of remote administration utilities, and even the oldtimers such as gdm and kdm are still good and useful. Juliet Kemp shows us how to use kdm and gmd to enable remote graphical desktops on KDE and GNome.